The violence of words

The violence of words

The conditions, construction and consequences of racist public discourse within a racialized social system

by Monetta Bailey (Ambrose University )

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Monetta Bailey’s “The violence of words: The conditions, construction and consequences of racist public discourse within a racialized social system” is a timely and theoretically sophisticated intervention into one of the most pressing issues confronting contemporary pluralist societies: the relationship between discourse, power, and harm. Drawing on the complementary insights of Critical Race Theory and the sociology of knowledge, Bailey offers a compelling account of how racist public discourse is not merely expressive but constitutive—shaping identities, structuring social relations, and reproducing racialized hierarchies within what she convincingly conceptualizes as a “racialized social system.”
What distinguishes this work is its ability to bridge the often-separated domains of theory and lived experience. Through a careful integration of discourse analysis and empirical data—including focus groups and counter-narratives—Bailey demonstrates that the harms of racist speech extend beyond the material into the psychological, social, and existential realms. Her analysis of “new racism,” characterized by coded and ostensibly race-neutral language, is particularly incisive, revealing how contemporary public discourse sustains historical inequities under the guise of liberal neutrality.
Importantly, Bailey does not stop at diagnosis. She advances a bold normative argument for rethinking how harm is defined in relation to public discourse, challenging entrenched liberal assumptions about the primacy of unfettered freedom of expression. In doing so, she contributes meaningfully to ongoing debates in Canada and beyond about the limits of speech, the responsibilities of the state, and the conditions necessary for genuine equality and human dignity.
This is an important and courageous book. It will be of significant interest to scholars of sociology, critical race studies, political theory, and communication, as well as to policymakers grappling with the regulation of harmful speech in democratic societies. Bailey’s work is a valuable addition to the growing body of scholarship that insists we take seriously the power of words—not only to reflect the world, but to shape it.

Dr. W. Andy Knight
Distinguished University Professor
Provost Fellow, Black Excellence and Leadership
University of Alberta

Dr. Bailey used her book to highlight the racist discourse that impacts our communities and society in Canada. This book is timely and needed in higher education to discuss that words matter. In 10 chapters, it highlighted the impact of words through the stories of participants who shared their lived experiences. I cannot imagine how challenging yet beneficial it was for participants to share their realities. I have no doubt that this book will be read widely, contested, yet tell the truth about the violence of words and the trauma that individuals endure. So many lessons to take from the pages that are academically and socially powerful.

Prof. Dr. Marva J. Ferguson
Department of Child Studies and Social Work
Mount Royal University

This timely and thought-provoking book challenges dominant narratives about race and multiculturalism in Canada, compelling readers to examine how language both reflects and reproduces racial inequality. It reminds us that language is never neutral and invites us to rethink how we speak about race. An important contribution to conversations about racism, discourse and social justice, Bailey invites critical reflection on the power of words in shaping a more equitable society.

Prof. Dr. Monica Pauls
Chair, Department of Child Studies and Social Work
Mount Royal University

“…in Canada, the refusal to have open discussions of race intensifies the harm individuals experience.” This, to me, is the crux of, and the value of this book. Dr. Bailey makes a masterful job of discussing a touchy subject with academic clarity which is also accessible to the curious reader in everyday life. Given the times we live in where the internet “democratizes speech,” this book is topical, timely, and bold, giving us something new to chew on and act on as we encounter the public discourses on race and race-adjacent topics.

Prof. Dr. Rita Yembilah
Senior Researcher, Canadian Poverty Institute
Ambrose University

This book investigates the potential of racist public discourse to harm racialized individuals. In tackling this, this book uses multiple theoretical frameworks and data sources to highlight the need to pay attention to how we regulate racist public discourse. The first theoretical framework, Critical Race Theory, provides the foundation to look at the ways in which racist ideologies are the bedrock of post-colonial society, which created the conditions for racist public discourse. The second framework, Sociology of Knowledge, serves as a methodological framework to demonstrate how racialized knowledge is gained and transmitted to allow for the construction of racist discourse. By combining these two frameworks to investigate the consequences of racist public discourse, this book presents theoretical and empirical evidence to suggest the need to rethink the definition of harm as it pertains to racist public discourse. This topic is important given the heightened public discourse around race in social and political arenas where, increasingly, individual rights to freedom of expression are seen as being more fundamental than the impact of language upon marginalized groups. My hope is to add to the growing body of work that sheds light on the impact of harmful public rhetoric, to bring awareness of the harm caused, and highlight the need to regulate hateful racist speech.

Monetta Bailey is an Associate Professor of Sociology in the Social Science Department at Ambrose University, Calgary, Alberta. Monetta completed her undergraduate degree in Political Science at the University of Alberta, and both her MA and Ph.D. degrees at the University of Calgary in Sociology. Prior to this, Dr. Bailey has worked in the non-profit sector in Calgary in various roles, including front-line work, as a project coordinator, a researcher and an evaluator. Dr. Bailey’s research has focused on the ways in which racial/ethnic/immigrant statuses have impacted the lives of racialized people in Canada, highlighting the experiences of racialized and/or immigrant youth in the justice system. In line with this, she has published on the experiences of racialized immigrant youth in the Extra-Judicial Sanctions program. Dr. Bailey’s scholarship has centered around the use of Critical Race Theory to investigate race relations in Canada; she has also used an institutional ethnographic approach as a framework to discover ruling race relations within social institutions. She has authored work in peer-reviewed publications in the areas of youth, crime, deviance and race. In her recent work, Dr. Bailey has applied ideas from the Sociology of Knowledge to investigate discourses of racialization in Canadian society and social institutions in addition to engaging with discussion around claims-making and the social construction of “the other”. This current work allows her to investigate how society socially constructs certain racialized immigrant groups as deviant and problematic. Dr. Bailey is intentional about applying an anti-oppression framework to her scholarship.