How Sex Got Screwed Up: The Ghosts that Haunt Our Sexual Pleasure - Book Two

The ghosts that haunt our sexual pleasure were born in the Stone Age. Sex and gender taboos were used by tribes to differentiate themselves from one another. These taboos filtered into the lives of Bronze and Iron Age men and women who lived in city-states and empires. For the early Christians, all sex play was turned into sin, instilled with guilt, and punished severely. With the invention of sin came the construction of women as subordinate beings to men.
Despite the birth of romance in the late middle ages, Renaissance churches held inquisitions to seek out and destroy sex sinners, all of whom it saw as heretics. The Age of Reason saw the demise of these inquisitions. But, it was doctors who would take over the roles of priests and ministers as sex became defined by discourses of crime, degeneracy, and sickness.
The middle of the 20th century saw these medical and religious teachings challenged for the first time as activists, such as Alfred Kinsey and Margaret Sanger, sought to carve out a place for sexual freedom in society. However, strong opposition to their beliefs and the growing exploitation of sex by the media at the close of the century would ultimately shape 21st century sexual ambivalence.
Book Two of this two-part publication traces the history of sex from the Victorian Era to present day. Interspersed with ‘personal hauntings’ from his own life and the lives of friends and relatives, Knowles reveals how historical discourses of sex continue to haunt us today. This book is a page-turner in simple and plain language about ‘how sex got screwed up’ for millennia. For Knowles, if we know the history of sex, we can get over it.

Foreword
Preface
Introduction
Chapter 1 Virgins, Sluts, Mother, and Their Boys (Being Women, Being Men, and Being Neither: 1800 to 1900)
Chapter 2 Of Graham Crackers, Corn Flakes, Chastity Belts, and Lust (Sex and Fantasy:1800–1900)
Chapter 3 Trying to Keep Control (Rules about Sex: 1830–1900)
Chapter 4 Outbreeding the Bad Guys (Women take back control of their lives: 1900–1953)
Chapter 5 Holding Up a Mirror (Sex in the U.S.A.: 1900–1953)
Chapter 6 Revolution (Transforming Sex in the USA: 1953–1999)
Chapter 7 Backlash (The Anti-Sex Movement in the USA: 1953–1999)
Chapter 8 Do As I Say, Not As I Did (Sex in the USA: 1999–Today)
Chapter 9 Delivering Ourselves from Evil (Our Future)
Appendices
Bibliography
Index

Jon Knowles’s interest in sex and society was crystallized in 1981 with the onset of the AIDS pandemic. Knowles formed part of the initial group of people trained by Gay Men’s Health Crisis (GMHC) to care for people living with AIDs in New York City. For 13 years Knowles witnessed first-hand the pain and suffering caused by individual and societal fears of sex and sexuality.
In 1983, he got a position as a temp with Planned Parenthood Federation of America (PPFA). Owing to his invaluable experience and knowledge of AIDs, he was later offered a full-time position as PPFA’s sexual health writer. During his 30 years at PPFA, Knowles contributed greatly to its print and online media presence.
In 1994, Knowles joined the Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality (SSSS) to supplement his knowledge about sex and sexuality. Through GMHC, PPFA, and SSSS, he heard thousands of stories about how people cope with their sexuality and their sex lives. In his research, Knowles looked to find answers to the questions: Why health professionals saw sexuality mostly as a risk behavior? Why most people seemed ambiguous about their sex lives? And why the increasingly powerful, conservative right was so negative about human sexuality? After 22 years of research, his answers are in this book.

Guide to Themes in How Sex Got Screwed Up

Book Two

Keywords
beauty / body image: circumcision, fashion, female genital mutilation, hygiene; child sexuality: adolescence, child sex play, corporal punishment, legitimacy, reform schools / homes for wayward girls; custom: advertising, age of consent, censorship, confession / penitentials / sin, conformity / nonconformity / peer pressure, degeneracy / perversion / sickness, demons / devils / evil spirits, double standard, guilt / penance / shame, inquisitions, law, magic / spells / astrology / potions, media, prohibitions & preventives, punishments, religion, sex education, sexual health / sexual hygiene, sexual rights, taboo / stigma; family: adoption, inheritance / primogeniture, servants; family planning: abandonment / exposure, abortion, birth control, castration / eunuchs, donor insemination, infanticide, population control, pregnancy, sterilization; fantasy: myth, porn / erotica / scandal, wet dreams; gender / gender role: clitoris / vagina / vulva, cross-dressing, genderfluid / genderqueer, hysteria / prolonged virginity or abstinence, intersex, matriarchy / matrilinear, men / masculinity, misogyny, nymphomania / satyriasis / “too much” sex / hypersexual / sexual delinquency, patriarchy, phallus / penis / lingam, transgender, transsexuals, transvestites, women / femininity, women’s rights / gender equity / abortion rights; going without sex: abstinence / chastity, monasticism / convents, virginity; pair bonding: concubines, courting / dating / hooking up / cruising, dowry / bride price, love, mistresses / courtesans, mixed-sex marriage / divorce / bigamy, monogamy, passionate friendship, polyamory, polyandry, polygyny / polygamy, romance, same-sex marriage; race / racism / anti-Semitism: eugenics / breeding, homophobia, mixed-race sex, slavery; reproduction: childbirth, ejaculate / sperm / female ejaculation, fertility, impotence, infertility, menstruation, ovum / human egg; sex crime: adultery / sex outside of marriage, child sex abuse, “crimes of passion”, intimate partner violence, rape, recovered memory, satanic ritual abuse, sex panics / moral panics, sexual abuse / sexual assault,
sexual harassment; sex infections: gonorrhea, herpes, HIV / AIDS, safer sex,
spermatorrhea, syphilis; sex play / lovemaking: anal sex, aphrodisiacs, circle jerks, coitus, consent, cybersex, embracing, flagellation / flogging, fornication / sex before marriage / illicit sex, foreplay, free love, frottage / body rubbing body, hand jobs/ fondling / petting, incest, interfemoral sex / between the thighs, intergenerational sex, kink / fetish / paraphilia, kissing, mixed-sex sex, nonprocreative sex, oral sex, orgasm, orgy / group sex, pedophilia, piercing / bloodletting, same-sex sex / “sodomy”, S & M, sex drive / sexual desire / lust / love fever, sex toys / dildoes / vibrators, sexual function / dysfunction, sexual pleasure, sex with animals, solo sex, wife-swapping; sexual orientation: asexual / “frigidity”, gay, bisexual, lesbian, straight; sex workers: B-girls, boys / men, brothels / concert saloons, call girls, children, doctors, johns / customers,
sex tourism, streetwalkers, stripping, trans

Page References by Historical Era
beauty / body image (1800–1900) 10; (1830–1900) 271; (1900–1953) 288, 321–3, 394, 396, 453, 477–9; (1953–1999) 488–91, 517, 576; (1999–Today) 726, 733, 753, 756, 764, 773, (Our Future) 803, 808
circumcision (1800–1900) 45, 55, 118–9; (1830–1900) 240, 266; (1900–1953) 446
fashion (1800–1900) 7, 10–3, 21, 40, 77, 80, 116; (1830–1900) 283; (1900–1953) 299, 417, 467, 469; (1953–1999) 526, 586, 601, 695–6; (1999–Today) 732, 753, 758, 770–1, 773; (Our Future) 806
female genital mutilation (1800–1900) 22–4, 26, 75, 99, 115–6, 118–20; (1830–1900) 239; (1900–1953) 446; (1999–Today) 727, 753
hygiene (1800–1900) 1, 7–20, 45, 77; (1830–1900) 231, 239–40, 271–2; (1900–1953) 287–8, 294, 319, 321, 439–40; (Our Future) 812

child sexuality (1800–1900) 16, 23, 58–9, 69, 77, 81, 134, 178, 181; (1830–1900) 243, 258; (1900–1953) 340–1, 380, 454–5, 457, 459–62; (1953–1999) 540–1, 554, 558–60, 565, 572, 585, 637–8, 659–86, 694, 704–8; (1999–Today) 720, 764, 768–79, 791, 798–801; (Our Future) 803, 807, 813–21
adolescence (1800–1900) 3, 62, 66, 150; (1900–1953) 302–4, 309, 312, 319–20, 322, 327, 335–44, 347, 380–1, 384, 447, 450, 455, 457, 459, 462, 464–5, 470, 480; (1953–1999) 490, 502, 520, 530, 538–46, 547, 555–7, 565, 583–5, 596, 613, 654–5, 675, 679, 708–10; (1999–Today) 719, 733, 735, 744–5, 760, 768, 771–2, 774, 779–87, 798–9, 801; (Our Future) 803, 807,813–21, Appendix XXIII
child sex play (1800–1900) 100, 104–5, 155; (1900–1953) 448, 455, 457, 459, 462, 480; (1953–1999) 587, 653–5, 658, 673, 682, 708–10; (1999–Today) 769–70, 773–6, 787, 791, 799, 800; (Our Future) 814, 816, Appendix XXII
corporal punishment (1800–1900) 3; (1830–1900) 213, 247; (1900–1953) 329, 446
legitimacy (1800–1900) 4; (1900–1953) 473
reform schools / homes for wayward girls (1800–1900) 3–4, 21–2, 76; (1830–1900) 219, 272; (1900–1953) 297, 313, 328–32, 448; (1953–1999) 584

custom (1800–1900) 144, 147–8; (1900–1953) 287–8; (1953–1999) 565, 642; (Our Future) 804
advertising (1800–1900) 78, 166–8, 182–3; (1830–1900) 195, 202, 223–4; (1900–1953) 288, 432, 441, 468; (1953–1999) 487–8, 490, 501, 504, 558, 632, 684
age of consent (1800–1900) 2, 22; (1830–1900) 258, 276, 279; (1900–1953) 477; (1953–1999) 654; (1999–Today) 775; (Our Future) 819
censorship (1800–1900) 9, 61, 177, 185; (1830–1900) 230, 233, 238, 242–54, 280; (1900–1953) 300, 310, 339, 345–55, 358–9, 382, 402; (1953–1999) 631, 637, 654, 678–97; (1999–Today) 766, 793; (Our Future) 809, 813, 815–6, Appendix XX
confession / penitentials / sin (1800–1900) 5, 117; (1830–1900) 233, 241–2; (1900–1953) 296, 343, 390, 411, 415, 418; (1953–1999) 575; (Our Future) 810, 814
conformity / nonconformity / peer pressure (1900–1953) 288, 323, 395, 411, 424, 426, 432, 452, 473, 477–8; (1953–1999) 516, 526, 542, 568, 570, 585; (1999–Today) 716, 719, 743–5, 787
degeneracy / perversion / sickness (1800–1900) 2, 39–40, 45, 53–6, 62, 68, 70–6, 78–9, 97–122, 125, 131–7; (1830–1900) 232–6, 241–2, 246–7, 261–2, 264–70, 276, 281, 285; (1900–1953) 295–6, 326, 328–9, 336, 346, 351, 378, 390, 401, 403, 406–7, 409–17, 432, 436–7, 442–5, 447, 452–3, 455–61, 463–4. 466, 471, 475, 477–8, 480, 482, 484; (1953–1999) 489, 517, 562, 580, 590, 598–9, 603–8, 611, 618, 628, 693, 698–700, 703, 706; (1999–Today) 717, 728–30, 732, 748, 768, 773; (Our Future) 808, 817
demons / devils / evil spirits (1800–1900) 116–7, 190; (1999–Today) 777; (Our Future) 818
double standard (1800–1900) 1, 22, 95; (1830–1900) 208, 270–1, 278, 283–4; (1900–1953) 289, 294, 318, 328, 335; (1953–1999) 511, 563, 577, 581; (1999–Today) 758, 781–2, 784–5; (Our Future) 804
guilt / penance / shame (1800–1900) 10, 16, 53, 60, 99, 102, 141, 160, 176, 179, 185; (1830–1900) 264, 285; (1900–1953) 335, 338, 404, 413–4, 470; (1953–1999) 540, 559, 582; (1999–Today) 717, 726, 741; (Our Future) 807–10, 815, 820
inquisitions (1800–1900) 6; (1953–1999) 710
law (1800–1900) 61, 64–8, 136, 144, 148; (1830–1900) 203–5, 207–8, 212, 214–6, 233, 242–7, 253, 255–6, 258, 260–1, 269, 275–68, 280–4; (1900–1953) 292, 297, 299, 302, 311, 315–7, 345, 355–7, 362–4, 368, 372, 378, 406, 408, 410–3, 416, 434, 455–6, 458, 460, 463, 476–7, 480; (1953–1999) 500, 507, 533–4, 582, 617, 620, 622–3, 644, 650, 680–6, 701–2, 705–6; (1999–Today) 718, 738–9, 741, 746–7, 766, 768, 780–1, 792–4, 798–800; (Our Future) 803, 807, 812, 818
magic / spells / astrology / potions (1800–1900) 75–6, 114
media (1900–1953) 287–9, 293, 300, 312, 332–4, 341–2, 350–4, 401, 416, 420, 428, 430, 436, 449, 461, 465, 467, 470, 477, 480, 483; (1953–1999) 488, 490, 500, 503, 506–7, 511–2, 516–20, 523, 525, 536, 538, 547–52, 555, 559, 560, 563, 575–6, 579, 581, 584–6, 585–9, 601–2, 605–6, 612–9, 621, 627–8, 630, 632, 634, 638–40, 645, 647, 668, 670, 672, 679, 683, 685–8, 690–1, 696, 710; (1999–Today) 711–3, 715, 721–2, 724–5, 727, 732, 738–42, 747–9, 750–4, 757–8, 760–4, 766, 768–9, 781–3, 798–9, 802; (Our Future) 803–4, 809, 815–7, 819, Appendix XXIII
prohibitions & preventives (1800–1900) 111–22; (1900–1953) 295, 299, 300–1, 304, 335–8, 369, 448–9, 451, 465, 468; (1953–1999) 560, 639, 641–4; (1999–Today) 760; (Our Future) 812, 815
punishments (1800–1900) 62–3, 65, 68–7, 76, 80, 88, 111, 137; (1830–1900) 204, 242–6, 248–50, 253, 275–9; (1900–1953) 296–7, 299, 307, 317, 328–9, 358–9, 361–2, 367, 404, 407–10, 412–6, 421–2, 428, 430, 444, 446, 448, 469; (1953–1999) 498, 532–3, 541, 560, 583, 605–7, 609–10, 616–8, 620, 627, 634–5, 651–2, 681, 692, 694, 705–7; (1999–Today) 713, 716–8, 724, 740–2, 747, 768, 778, 780, 792–4, 798, 799–801; (Our Future) 803, 807–8, 812, 819
religion (1800–1900) 4–6, 34–5, 38, 46–50, 52, 60–2, 93–4, 126, 185–6, 191; (1830–1900) 218–9, 229, 232, 243; (1900–1953) 289, 340, 350–4, 360, 363, 367–9, 372, 383–4, 387–90, 393–4, 396, 434, 464, 477; (1953–1999) 494–5, 538, 541, 559, 573–4, 577–8, 582–3, 592, 617, 630–1, 684, 688; (1999–Today) 717–8, 739, 744–5, 752, 759, 770, 772, 776–8; (Our Future) 803–5, 808, 810, 821
sex education (1800–1900) 2, 30, 62, 97, 99, 101, 117; (1830–1900) 226, 228, 237–41; (1900–1953) 335–44, 365–6, 435–40, 466, 468–70, 475, 480; (1953–1999) 538–46, 558, 636, 652, 680; (1999–Today) 772–3, 779–80; (Our Future) 814–7, 820, Appendix X
sexual health / sexual hygiene (1830–1900) 270–2; (1900–1953) 339, 342, 351, 428; (1953–1999) 582–3
sexual rights (1800–1900) 64; (1830–1900) 230; (1900–1953) 288, 359, 417, 428–31, 464–5, 476, 479–81; (1953–1999) 492, 520, 526, 548, 580–3, 586, 590, 591–2, 603, 607–8, 617–23, 628–9, 631, 640, 651, 653; (1999–Today) 773; (Our Future) 814, 816, 821, Appendices XI, XII
taboo / stigma (1800–1900) 26, 53, 88, 90, 140, 159, 172; (1830–1900); 271 (1900–1953) 294, 305, 313, 316, 319, 431, 473, 482; (1953–1999) 498, 582, 590, 600–1, 609, 627, 633–5, 638, 675, 677; (1999–Today) 718, 731, 736, 738, 741, 744, 766, 774; (Our Future) 808, 813, 817

family (1800–1900) 2–4; (1830–1900) 264; (1900–1953) 288–9, 335, 422, 424, 434, 464, 475–6; (1953–1999) 487–8, 518, 532, 538, 560, 601, 608, 676–7, 681, 686; (1999–Today) 712, 716–7, 769, 780; (Our Future) 808, 813, 815–7
adoption (1900–1953) 329
inheritance / primogeniture (1800–1900) 2, 122
servants (1800–1900) 4, 28, 77, 109–10, 123, 133, 178, 180

family planning (1900–1953) 360; (1999–Today) 731
abandonment / exposure (1830–1900) 217–21
abortion (1800–1900) 29, 62; (1830–1900) 207, 220, 222–5, 227, 229, 231, 235, 240; (1900–1953) 337, 349, 352, 356, 358, 372–3, 380; (1953–1999) 492, 498–500, 502, 505, 535, 543, 565, 630–2, 652, 684; (1999–Today) 722–4, 730–1; (Our Future) 804
birth control (1800–1900) 17, 26, 29, 62, 127–8, 150; (1830–1900) 206, 217, 221–2, 224–36, 240, 246, 248, 250; (1900–1953) 337, 339, 351–74, 377–80, 382–4, 446, 466, 468, 479, 483; (1953–1999) 491–8, 510, 539, 540–1, 543, 545, 578, 580–1, 586, 630–1, 684, 686; (1999–Today) 726, 730, 780; (Our Future) 804, 820, Appendix V
castration / eunuchs (1800–1900) 75; (1830–1900) 259, 262, 268; (1900–1953) 323, 383, 443, 446, 452, 463; (1953–1999) 506, 511, 596, 603, 606, 705–6, 708
donor insemination (1830–1900) 234; (1953–1999) 530–1
infanticide (1800–1900) 4, 186; (1830–1900) 207, 220–1; (1900–1953) 376
population control (1953–1999) 496
pregnancy (1800–1900) 24, 122, 127, 150; (1830–1900) 211, 226, 235; (1900–1953) 329, 348–9, 356, 365, 439, 476; (1953–1999) 490, 492, 495, 507, 530, 533, 539, 544, 625; (1999–Today) 731, 780, 787; (Our Future) 803
sterilization (1800–1900) 19, 22, 26, 30, 75; (1830–1900) 236; (1900–1953) 374, 377–8, 380, 382–3, 443–4; (1953–1999) 491, 494, 496, 580

fantasy (1800–1900) 4, 28, 77, 90; (1830–1900) 250; (1900–1953) 343, 443, 473, 481; (1953–1999) 487, 509, 547, 551, 560, 566, 577, 580, 586, 590, 656, 703; (1999–Today) 750
myth (1800–1900) 30, 94; (1900–1953) 292, 302, 325, 336, 344, 471–2; (1953–1999) 511, 581–2; (1999–Today) 731, 742, 757, 770
porn / erotica / scandal (1800–1900) 9, 19, 41, 61, 148, 161, 172–93; (1830–1900) 212, 233, 241–54, 278; (1900–1953) 332–4, 347, 350, 442, 468, 481; (1953–1999) 490, 546–52, 573, 602, 613, 616, 631, 671–2, 678–85, 688–9, 692–4, 703; (1999–Today) 736, 750, 753, 758–69; (Our Future) 804, 809, 817, 819, Appendix II
wet dreams (1800–1900) 116; (1830–1900) 240, 266, 269

gender / gender role (1800–1900) 56, 137; (1830–1900) 199; (1900–1953) 326, 340, 342–4, 396, 398, 411, 419, 424, 435, 470, 479; (1953–1999) 490, 579, 592¬–3, 597–8, 657; (1999–Today) 718–21; (Our Future) 805–7, 809, 818, 821
clitoris / vagina / vulva (1800–1900) 16, 20–3, 72, 75, 93, 98, 107, 111, 116, 120, 148, 158, 181, 184; (1830–1900) 239; (1900–1953) 314, 324, 337, 339, 342–4, 399, 481, 484; (1953–1999) 508–17, 534, 548, 576, 578, 590, 595–6, 598, 629, 635, 655, 661, 665–6, 675, 682, 687, 691; (1999–Today) 723, 727, 768–9; (Our Future) 805–6
cross-dressing (1800–1900) 56–61, 80, 83, 134, 37, 180; (1900–1953) 311, 348, 396–7, 401, 409–11, 419–20, 422, 426, 429, 452–3; (1953–1999) 560, 579, 593–5, 599, 601, 610, 615, 618–20, 658–9; (1999–Today) 718; (Our Future) 803
genderfluid / genderqueer (1953–1999) 599–600; (1999–Today) 718–9, 722; (Our Future) 806
hysteria / prolonged virginity or abstinence (1800–1900) 14, 21, 24–8, 30, 53–6, 94–5, 118, 131–2, 157–9, 193; (1830–1900) 198; (1900–1953) 314–5, 326; (1953–1999) 511, 572
intersex (1800–1900) 137; (1900–1953) 398–9; (1953–1999) 593, 595–7; (1999–Today) 714–5, 719, 721–4, 792; (Our Future) 807–8, Appendices XIII, XIV
matriarchy / matrilinear (1830–1900) 200; (1953–1999) 625
men / masculinity (1800–1900) 3, 16–7, 24, 28–30, 32–5, 40–56, 95–6, 98–9, 100–3, 129–30, 134–5, 137, 150–1; (1830–1900) 198, 202–5, 207, 210, 212–3, 216, 218, 229–30, 233, 270, 273–4, 278; (1900–1953) 290–2, 296–8, 317–8, 325–6, 340–1, 362, 381, 385–97, 401–2, 432, 435, 448, 474–5, 478; (1953–1999) 488, 490, 500–1, 504, 507–8, 510, 516–29, 536–9, 511, 550, 558, 560, 563–4, 566–7, 569–70, 577, 579, 586, 589, 592, 701–2; (1999–Today) 711–2, 724, 732–4, 754–6, 758–9, 763–4, 778, 781–2, 789–90, 745; (Our Future) 805–6
misogyny (1800–1900) 12–3, 37–9, 125, 190; (1900–1953) 326, 388, 391, 407; (1953–1999) 520, 524, 525–6, 552, 675; (1999–Today) 765, 787; (Our Future) 818
nymphomania / satyriasis / “too much” sex / hypersexual / sexual delinquency (1800–1900) 20–3, 26, 40, 104–5, 120, 133, 135; (1830–1900) 197, 199, 207, 261–2; (1900–1953) 326–32, 342, 352, 354, 405, 407, 455, 457–8, 462, 464, 470, 472, 478, 482, 484; (1953–1999) 510–2, 561, 584, 629, 698–700; (1999–Today) 725, 731, 757–8, 764–5, 871–2, 801
patriarchy (1800–1900) 6; (1830–1900) 207; (1900–1953) 466; (1953–1999) 536; (1999–Today) 791
phallus / penis / lingam (1800–1900) 43–4, 75, 77, 80, 93, 107, 111, 115, 134, 145, 154, 174, 181, 184; (1830–1900) 269; (1900–1953) 299, 323–4, 333–4, 337, 339, 342, 344, 389, 395, 399, 403, 439, 444–7; (1953–1999) 489, 506, 514, 515, 553, 571, 576, 578–9, 588–9, 596, 598, 602, 635, 647, 655, 666, 675, 682, 689–90, 693, 701, 709; (1999–Today) 733, 795; (Our Future) 806, Appendix VI
transgender / two-spirit (1800–1900) 57–8; (1900–1953) 397, 426; (1953–1999) 599–601; (1999–Today) 714–24, 779–80; (Our Future) 806–8
transsexuals (1800–1900) 56, 134; (1900–1953) 399–400; (1953–1999) 593–4, 596–8, 600; (1999–Today) 718–24, 791; (Our Future) 806–8, Appendix XV
transvestites (1900–1953) 397–400; (1953–1999) 560, 579, 593, 597; (1999–Today) 718–9
women / femininity (1800–1900) 3, 13–30, 42, 45–6, 52, 91, 93, 125, 127, 129, 133–4, 137, 148; (1830–1900) 198, 202–5, 207, 210, 212–3, 216, 233, 239, 240, 246, 270–1, 273–4, 278, 283; (1900–1953) 287, 289–92, 296–7, 299, 302–4, 317–8, 323–8, 340–1, 344, 356–7, 376–7, 381, 385–6, 388, 395, 397–8, 402, 405, 432, 435, 448, 456, 462, 464–5, 469–70, 473–5, 478; (1953–1999) 489, 491–2, 500–8, 510–3, 521, 528, 532–8, 540–1, 546–7, 550–2, 556, 558, 560, 563, 566–7, 569–70, 577–80, 586, 589, 591–2, 594, 623–9, 632, 691, 693–7, 701–2, 704; (1999–Today) 711–2, 723–32, 734–5, 750, 753–6, 758–9, 763–5, 771–2, 778, 781–2, 789–91, 795; (Our Future) 805–6, 812, 820, Appendix XXIII
women’s rights / gender equity / abortion rights (1800–1900) 12–4, 20, 29–37, 125, 130; (1830–1900) 200–1, 205–6, 211, 216, 230, 236, 243; (1900–1953) 290–2, 326, 355–73, 385, 465, 470, 479; (1953–1999) 492, 500–7, 525, 534, 538–9, 580, 591–2, 607; (1999–Today) 730–1, 771; (Our Future) 804

going without sex
abstinence / chastity (1800–1900) 6, 13–8, 22–3, 40, 46, 76, 93–108, 124, 134, 147; (1830–1900) 222, 227, 271–2; (1900–1953) 295, 298, 335, 338, 340, 380–1, 431, 438, 449, 482; (1953–1999) 494–5, 526, 543–5, 554–7, 564–5, 591, 631, 642–3; (1999–Today) 742–5, 769–70, 779, 786
monasticism / convents (1800–1900) 84, 185–6; (1830–1900) 198
virginity (1800–1900) 17, 55, 93–5, 122, 131, 155, 174, 178, 181, 183; (1830–1900) 275; (1900–1953) 338, 431–2, 436, 438–9, 455, 465–6; (1953–1999) 534–5, 539, 554–7, 564, 579, 625; (1999–Today) 742–4, 752, 776, 787, 789

pair bonding (1900–1953) 476, 483; (1953–1999) 565, 590; (1999–Today) 756–7
concubines (1800–1900) 123, 130, 145; (1830–1900) 202; (1900–1953) 476, 483
courting / dating / hooking up / cruising (1800–1900) 18, 76, 78–81, 83–4, 88, 122–4, 126, 155, 182; (1830–1900) 197–203, 206, 261; (1900–1953) 288, 309, 334, 343, 345, 401, 408–9, 421–4, 433, 467–9, 476; (1953–1999) 547, 552–3, 567–70, 587, 589–90, 601–2, 692, 708; (1999–Today) 750–2, 767, 782–90, 799; (Our Future) 804
dowry / bride price (1830–1900) 195, 198, 202; (1900–1953) 433
love (1800–1900) 4, 63, 78, 82, 85, 90, 93, 123–6, 129, 131, 143, 147, 176, 188, 190; (1830–1900) 195–7, 199, 215, 245; (1900–1953) 305, 333, 341, 347, 403–5, 414, 418, 433–4, 464–6, 484; (1953–1999) 537, 555, 568–9, 581–2; (1999–Today) 711, 735, 756, 781; (Our Future) 807, 809–10, 815–6, 821
mistresses / courtesans (1800–1900) 77, 123; (1830–1900) 196; (1900–1953) 293; (1953–1999) 487, 553, 698
mixed-sex marriage / divorce / bigamy (1800–1900) 17, 19, 21, 29, 31–2, 41, 60, 76, 84, 88, 90, 98, 103, 115, 122–3, 126, 128, 130–1, 133, 147–8, 150, 156, 183; (1830–1900) 195–7, 200–4, 210, 213–7, 237, 240, 249, 255, 271; (1900–1953) 293, 335, 339, 341, 343, 349, 352, 388, 421, 431–41, 451, 464, 468, 473, 476, 479, 484; (1953–1999) 497, 503, 505, 509, 520, 530–9, 543–5, 555, 578, 581, 586–7, 594, 601, 609, 631, 655, 694, 701; (1999–Today) 711, 724, 742–5, 754, 768, 779–80, 784, 787
monogamy (1800–1900) 128, 131, 147–9; (1830–1900) 199–203; (1900–1953) 340, 431, 434; (1953–1999) 532, 565, 587, 629, 639, 641, 643; (1999–Today) 758, 780; (Our Future) 803, 808
passionate friendship (1800–1900) 78, 84–8; (1830–1900) 210; (1900–1953) 328–9, 405, 425, 468
polyamory (1900–1953) 370–1; (1953–1999) 532–3; (1999–Today) 711
polyandry (1800–1900) 123
polygyny / polygamy (1800–1900) 124, 130; (1830–1900) 200–2, 206–8, 216, 227
romance (1800–1900) 18; (1830–1900) 195, 206; (1900–1953) 299, 332, 343, 476; (1953–1999) 502, 511, 547, 580, 589; (1999–Today) 744, 781, 784, 793
same-sex marriage (1800–1900) 77–8; (1830–1900) 208–10; (1900–1953) 435–6; (1953–1999) 537–8, 638; (1999–Today) 712, 715; (Our Future) 808

race / racism / anti-Semitism (1800–1900) 33–4, 40, 55, 59, 82, 88–91, 99, 146–7, 186; (1830–1900) 197, 199–200, 231, 239, 259–60, 279; (1900–1953) 304, 318, 329, 342, 353, 368, 370, 378–9, 384, 403, 410, 419, 434, 451, 457, 471–3, 479; (1953–1999) 492–3, 496–7, 500, 520, 531, 580, 606, 608, 632; (1999–Today) 727, 739
eugenics / breeding (1800–1900) 30, 90, 144; (1830–1900) 222, 228, 231, 233–6, 276; (1900–1953) 373–84, 437, 465; (1953–1999) 496
homophobia (1900–1953) 403–4, 415–6, 423; (1953–1999) 602–5, 608–10, 634–5, 638; (1999–Today) 716
mixed-race sex (1800–1900) 6, 130, 143–50, 151, 155, 168; (1830–1900) 196, 206, 211, 258–60, 263, 279, 282; (1900–1953) 287–8, 319, 352, 373, 380–2, 413, 434, 449, 451, 457, 471–2, 474, 476, 484; (1953–1999) 531–2, 552–3, 607, 689
slavery (1800–1900) 1, 31–2, 36, 88–91, 141, 144, 148; (1830–1900) 196, 203, 206, 211–2, 214, 223, 259, 279

reproduction (1800–1900) 130; (1900–1953) 348, 350, 384, 438
childbirth (1800–1900) 3, 98; (1830–1900) 214; (1900–1953) 351–4; (1953–1999) 509
ejaculate / sperm / female ejaculation (1800–1900) 16, 40, 100, 102, 127, 132, 174, 181; (1830–1900) 222, 226, 233, 289–41; (1900–1953) 339, 342, 438, 447, 481; (1953–1999) 512, 514–5, 571, 576, 593, 600, 656; (Our Future) 805
fertility (1800–1900) 24, 130, 176, 180; (1900–1953) 355, 439; (1953–1999) 541
impotence (1800–1900) 44, 53, 55, 94, 99, 101, 104, 183; (1830–1900) 232; (1953–1999) 517–8, 524
infertility (1800–1900) 131; (1900–1953) 296; (1953–1999) 498, 530
menstruation (1800–1900) 15, 22, 122, 130; (1830–1900) 222, 227, 241 264; (1900–1953) 319–21, 326, 344, 425, 438; (1953–1999) 491, 504–5, 509, 539, 585, 652
ovum / human egg (1830–1900) 221–2, 229, 264; (1900–1953) 339; (1953–1999) 494

sex crime (1830–1900) 262; (1900–1953) 374, 406–7, 415, 455–6, 458–63, 480; (1953–1999) 490, 603, 697, 703–10; (1999–Today) 786, 796–802; (Our Future) 803
adultery / sex outside of marriage (1800–1900) 4, 6, 21, 124, 162; (1830–1900) 204, 206, 211-2, 215, 246, 272; (1900–1953) 436, 440, 462–3, 464, 475, 481, 483; (1953–1999) 502, 532, 534; (1999–Today) 758; (Our Future) 810
child sex abuse (1800–1900) 28, 97 133–4, 137, 155, 181; (1830–1900) 220, 243, 259, 261–3, 275; (1900–1953) 329, 403, 409, 411, 424, 455–61, 463; (1953–1999) 613, 653, 655, 659–78, 699, 705–6; (1999–Today) 736, 768, 774–9, 795, 800–1; (Our Future) 818–9
“crimes of passion” (1800–1900) 70
intimate partner violence (1800–1900) 156; (1830–1900) 204, 210, 212–5, 229; (1900–1953) 315; (1953–1999) 505, 701; (1999–Today) 797
rape (1800–1900) 3, 10, 16, 18, 21, 89, 147–8, 177, 179–80, 186; (1830–1900) 207, 212, 229, 238, 255–60, 262–3, 273; (1900–1953) 315, 351, 372, 374, 451, 455–9, 471, 476; (1953–1999) 505, 539, 577, 662, 664, 667, 675, 693, 700–3, 707, 709; (1999–Today) 741, 750, 792–3, 795–7, 800; (Our Future) 820
recovered memory (1953–1999) 661–7; (1999–Today) 776; (Our Future) 819
satanic ritual abuse (1953–1999) 659–75; (1999–Today) 776; (Our Future) 818, Appendix XVIII
sex panics / moral panics (1800–1900) 97; (1830–1900) 260; (1900–1953) 350, 410, 428, 458, 460–1; (1953–1999) 490, 606, 650, 660, 668; (1999–Today) 768, 776, 783
sexual abuse / sexual assault (1800–1900) 89; (1830–1900) 243, 248; (1953–1999) 672, (1999–Today) 789, 792–7; (Our Future) 803, 815, 817
sexual harassment (1953–1999) 505, 575–6, 695, 703–5, 709–10; (1999–Today) 790–1, 794–9

sex infections (1800–1900) 156; (1830–1900) 213, 227, 240, 242, 262–5, 271–2, 282–3; (1900–1953) 292–305, 316, 326–7, 335–7, 340, 343, 350, 352, 373, 384, 420, 448–9, 451, 455, 479; (1953–1999) 490, 539, 582; (1999–Today) 736
gonorrhea (1830–1900) 263–5; (1900–1953) 292–3, 295–6, 300–1, 305, 356; (1953–1999) 632
herpes (1953–1999) 591, 633
HIV / AIDS (1800–1900) 97, 180; (1953–1999) 541, 554, 566, 587–8, 591, 602, 611, 621, 632–44, 656, 685, 692, 698; (1999–Today) 716, 724, 727, 801
safer sex (1953–1999) 541–2, 588–9, 631, 635–6, 638, 641–3, 690, 692; (1999–Today) 782, 785
spermatorrhea (1800–1900) 99, 188; (1830–1900) 265–70
syphilis (1800–1900) 60, 130, 177; (1830–1900) 221, 263–5, 284; (1900–1953) 293–5, 300–1, 305, 341, 356, 374

sex play / lovemaking (1800–1900) 123–4, 126, 136, 178; (1830–1900) 240; (1900–1953) 287–8, 333, 448–9, 452, 456, 467, 479–80; (1953–1999) 487, 490, 509, 516, 542, 554, 563–72, 571–2, 576–7, 582, 584, 592, 601, 657; (1999–Today) 740, 749–58, 775, 784, 791, 793; (Our Future) 803, 805, 809–11, 820–1
anal sex (1800–1900) 65, 77, 80, 150, 180; (1830–1900) 261; (1900–1953) 414, 426, 436, 460, 481; (1953–1999) 527, 547, 552, 556, 578, 613, 627, 635, 639, 642, 644, 655, 661; (1999–Today) 752–3, 799, 801
aphrodisiacs (1900–1953) 349; (1953–1999) 539, 574–5, 589; (1999–Today) 727–30
B & D (1900–1953) 453–4; (1953–1999) 490, 526–7, 547, 561, 576; (1999–Today) 748, 780
circle jerks (1800–1900) 44; (1953–1999) 655
coitus (1800–1900) 16–7, 40, 45, 90, 95, 122, 127–8, 130, 133–4, 159, 175, 179, 181, 184; (1830–1900) 196, 207, 210, 217, 222, 227, 240, 249, 254, 259, 272; (1900–1953) 336–42, 344, 348–9, 362, 431–2, 438–9, 443, 448, 450, 466, 474–6, 478, 481; (1953–1999) 492, 508–10, 513–5, 517, 527, 534–5, 539, 544, 547, 554, 558, 560, 563, 565, 570–1, 572, 577–9, 584–5, 588, 644, 654, 656, 661, 675, 677, 682, 702, 709; (1999–Today) 726, 743, 744, 752–4, 760, 763, 779, 782, 785–7, 801; (Our Future) 810
consent (1830–1900) 69, 71; (1900–1953) 255–262; (1900–1953) 410–1, 413, 430, 439, 461–3; (1953–1999) 519, 533, 556, 570, 585, 592, 677, 702; (1999–Today) 743, 775, 778–95, 798, 801; (Our Future) 807, 810, 820
cybersex (1953–1999) 549–50, 589–90; (1999–Today) 751–2, 757, 759–64
embracing (1800–1900) 94, 87, 130; (1900–1953) 425, 474; (1953–1999) 657; (1999–Today) 760
flagellation / flogging (1800–1900) 3, 138–43, 155, 163, 176–7, 179–80, 182, 185–7; (1830–1900) 218; (1999–Today) 748
fornication / sex before marriage / illicit sex (1800–1900) 16, 22, 124, 126, 130; (1900–1953) 289, 296, 299, 308, 317, 336, 462, 464–5, 475, 480, 483–4; (1953–1999) 519, 540, 543–5, 564, 581–2; (1999–Today) 742, 781; (Our Future) 810
foreplay (1800–1900) 11; (1900–1953) 438, 462, 475, 478; (1953–1999) 682; (1999–Today) 752
free love (1800–1900) 29, 125–6; (1830–1900) 213–4, 216–7, 237–8; (1900–1953) 465; (1953–1999) 581, 591; (1999–Today) 711
frottage / body rubbing body (1953–1999) 547, 647, 657, 675
hand jobs/ fondling / petting (1800–1900) 61, 77, 93, 122, 126, 158, 180; (1900–1953) 313, 426, 448, 465–6, 474–5; (1953–1999) 538–9, 547, 586, 588, 624, 627, 647, 654–5, 661, 675, 682, 687, 702; (1999–Today) 752–3, 755, 777, 789–90
incest (1800–1900) 28, 122, 133, 175, 183; (1830–1900) 206, 261; (1900–1953) 329, 349, 380, 455, 458; (1953–1999) 502, 672, 675–8; (Our Future) Appendix XIX
interfemoral sex / between the thighs (1800–1900) 61; (1900–1953) 426, 436
intergenerational sex (1800–1900) 24, 58–9, 66, 68, 81, 133, 150, 155, 178, 181; (1830–1900) 243, 258–9, 275, 280; (1900–1953) 318, 455–7, 459–63; (1953–1999) 560, 585–7, 653, 655, 659, 672–3, 703, 707; (1999–Today) 725, 735, 768, 773–9, 801
kink / fetish / paraphilia (1800–1900) 8–9, 21, 59–60, 101, 125, 133–5, 137, 138–43, 150; (1830–1900) 237–8; (1900–1953) 426, 452–3, 455, 457–9; (1953–1999) 516, 543, 547, 559–63, 560–2, 578, 644, 647, 675, 699; (1999–Today) 748, 753, 758–60, 783–4; (Our Future) 804, Appendix XXI
kissing (1800–1900) 65, 82, 84, 87,130, 136, 140, 174, 180, 190; (1830–1900) 253; (1900–1953) 313, 332, 348, 350, 352, 425–6, 433, 438, 474; (1953–1999) 543, 553, 570, 585, 588, 637, 651, 657, 661, 682, 702; (1999–Today) 744, 752, 769, 795
mixed-sex sex (1800–1900) 16, 40, 76; (1830–1900) 199–200, 260; (1900–1953) 349, 474, 478; (1953–1999) 594; (1999–Today) 781
nonprocreative sex (1800–1900) 20, 131, 134; (1900–1953) 362, 383; (1999–Today) 731, 735
oral sex (1800–1900) 65, 77, 82–3, 127, 129, 150, 163, 173, 180; (1830–1900) 260, 272; (1900–1953) 408, 413–4, 422, 426, 436, 438, 448, 453, 457, 460, 462, 474–5, 481; (1953–1999) 515, 536, 547, 556, 564, 577–8, 586, 606, 624, 644, 655, 661, 675, 679, 682, 709; (1999–Today) 752–3, 755, 760, 777, 786, 798, 801
orgasm (1800–1900) 14, 17, 19, 24, 40, 127, 129, 132, 148, 157–8 168, 173; (1830–1900) 235, 255; (1900–1953) 309, 314, 324–5, 333, 339, 344, 358, 398, 436, 438–9, 441, 448, 474, 476, 478, 481, 483–4; (1953–1999) 505, 508–15, 517, 527, 534, 547, 560, 571, 576–7, 579–80, 586, 590, 595, 629, 646; (1999–Today) 725, 753, 755, 765, 786–8; (Our Future) 805, 811, Appendix IX
orgy / group sex (1800–1900) 150, 164, 170, 172, 180, 185; (1900–1953) 334, 422; (1953–1999) 532, 547, 565, 581, 587, 613, 669; (1999–Today) 715, 760, 786
pedophilia (1800–1900) 67; (1900–1953) 403, 411, 459–60, 463; (1953–1999) 560, 562, 675, 705; (1999–Today) 773, 778–9
piercing / bloodletting (1800–1900) 10–1, 115–6; (1830–1900) 266
same-sex sex / “sodomy” (1800–1900) 21, 24, 40, 53, 58–88, 133–7, 149, 155, 170, 172–3, 176, 180, 184–5; (1830–1900) 200, 210, 212, 243, 260–1; (1900–1953) 295, 306, 309, 333–4, 348, 352, 354, 381–2, 386–7, 401–8, 411, 413–4, 417, 420, 422–4, 426, 428, 439, 452–3, 458–60, 462, 469, 471, 479, 487; (1953–1999) 519–20, 541, 547–8, 552, 556, 560, 601–29, 631, 654–5, 658–9, 672, 677, 705; (1999–Today) 713, 715–8, 732, 774–9, 779, 781, 798, 800; (Our Future) 808, 815
S & M (1800–1900) 19, 133–4, 136, 140, 142–3, 150, 179; (1900–1953) 452–3, 459; (1953–1999) 490, 547, 561, 599, 642; (1999–Today) 748, 758, 780, 801
sex drive / sexual desire / lust / love fever (1800–1900) 2, 16–8, 20, 63, 125, 131, 185; (1830–1900) 207, 230, 240, 272; (1900–1953) 304, 326, 336, 449–50, 455, 465; (1953–1999) 525, 560–1, 566, 572, 577, 586, 692, 700; (1999–Today) 714–5, 717–8, 730, 749, 756, 782, 788; (Our Future) 806, 816, 820
sex toys / dildoes / vibrators (1800–1900) 111, 129, 152, 157–8, 193; (1900–1953) 314–5, 441–2, 476; (1953–1999) 508, 513, 516–7, 557, 576, 579, 587–8, 627, 695; (1999–Today) 748–9, 760, 798–9
sexual function / dysfunction (1800–1900) 19, 44; (1900–1953) 395, 437, 439, 466; (1953–1999) 517–8, 525, 535–6, 560, 567, 572, 582, 589; (1999–Today) 726–9; (Our Future) 810–1
sexual pleasure (1800–1900) 17, 53, 98, 132, 134, 140, 179; (1830–1900) 212, 222; (1900–1953) 338–9, 343; 436, 465, 475; (1953–1999) 487, 492, 502, 509, 536, 551, 568, 572, 588, 644; (1999–Today) 746, 781; (Our Future) 804–5, 811
sex with animals (1800–1900) 134, 150; (1830–1900) 206, 233, 262; (1900–1953) 462; (1953–1999) 547, 562–3; (1999–Today) 746–8
solo sex (1800–1900) 20–1, 40, 44, 62, 73, 75, 96–122, 131, 132–3, 136, 140, 172, 175, 185 187–8; (1830–1900) 216–7, 227, 230, 239–41, 262, 265–70; (1900–1953) 337, 339–40, 342–4, 414, 442–8, 457, 480; (1953–1999) 510, 516, 541, 547, 557–60, 577, 579, 590, 594, 654, 673, 678, 686, 690, 698; (1999–Today) 714, 749–50, 752, 758, 760, 769, 779, 785, 791; (Our Future) 808–10, 816, Appendix I
wife-swapping (1830–1900) 206; (1953–1999) 535

sexual orientation (1953–1999) 545, 566, 573, 597, 612; (1999–Today) 713, 720–1; (Our Future) 808, 821, Appendices VII, VIII, XVI
asexual / “frigidity” (1800–1900) 113–20, 144; (1830–1900) 263; (1900–1953) 324–6, 432, 436; (1953–1999) 508–11, 531, 567, 629; (1999–Today) 714, 721, 773, 791
gay (1800–1900) 73; (1900–1953) 334, 381–2, 386–8, 401–29, 452, 473, 477; (1953–1999) 517–8, 539, 552–3, 564–5, 573, 576, 586–7, 590, 593, 598, 601–29, 633–44, 668, 682, 695, 705, 707–8; (1999–Today) 712–8, 738–9, 759, 765, 767, 776, 779–80, 792, 796; (Our Future) 803, 808, Appendix VIII
bisexual (1800–1900) 73, 75; (1900–1953) 418–27(1953–1999) 642; (1999–Today) 713–8, 727, 736, 738, 749, 779–80, 792, 796; (Our Future) 808
lesbian (1800–1900) 68, 72, 155; (1900–1953) 381, 401, 403, 405, 409, 411–2, 415–8, 421–2, 425–9, 473; (1953–1999) 490, 510, 531, 547, 564, 598–9, 606, 609, 611, 620, 623–9; (1999–Today) 713–8, 720, 754, 779–80, 792; (Our Future) 803, 808, Appendix VII
straight (1800–1900) 64, 73; (1900–1953) 335, 340, 344, 386–96, 410, 418, 420, 426, 430, 434, 476; (1953–1999) 564, 579, 586, 593–4, 606–7, 610, 621, 627, 633, 640–2, 657; (1999–Today) 717–8, 724, 738, 749, 751–2, 754, 756, 765, 781, 788–9; (Our Future) 806, 808, 812, Appendix XVI

sex workers (1800–1900) 13, 20–1, 41–2, 80, 97, 123, 131, 148, 150–72, 182–3, 189; (1830–1900) 221, 225, 237, 241, 246, 249, 271–86; (1900–1953) 292, 294, 296–7, 300, 302–19, 327, 337–8, 347, 354, 375, 382, 386, 420, 440, 449–51, 462, 464, 467–9, 471, 476–7, 479; (1953–1999) 519, 552–4, 581, 587, 600, 644–51, 682, 691–2, 699; (1999–Today) 722–3, 725, 730, 735–42, 757–8, 765, 801; (Our Future) 809, 812–3, Appendices III, IV, XVII
B-girls (1800–1900) 157, 182; (1900–1953) 318–9; (1953–1999) 553, 650; (1999–Today) 738
boys / men (1800–1900) 77, 80, 155, 170; (1830–1900) 261, 274; (1900–1953) 309–10, 462; (1953–1999) 608, 648–9; (1999–Today) 724, 735–6, 738–40; (Our Future) 813
brothels / concert saloons (1800–1900) 10, 15–7, 66, 76, 80, 83, 134, 150–1, 155–7, 161, 165, 167–71; (1830–1900) 202, 245, 254, 276–7, 281, 285; (1900–1953) 307, 317, 354, 449, 451
call girls (1900–1953) 317–8
children (1800–1900) 155, 160; (1830–1900) 275; (1900–1953) 462; (1953–1999) 554, 672; (1999–Today) 735–6, 738
doctors (1800–1900) 157–9
johns / customers (1800–1900) 150–5, 160, 168; (1830–1900) 277–8; (1900–1953) 305, 309, 318; (1953–1999) 644–5; (1999–Today) 735; (Our Future) 812
sex tourism (1800–1900) 147–50; (1830–1900) 262–3; (1900–1953) 300, 451; (1953–1999) 552–4; (1999–Today) 735–6
streetwalkers (1830–1900) 277, 283; (1900–1953) 317, 402; (1953–1999) 650; (1999–Today) 738
stripping (1800–1900) 164, 171–2; (1830–1900) 253, 280; (1900–1953) 310–2, 346–7, 475; (1953–1999) 519, 587, 645–7; (1999–Today) 735, 739–40, 757, 759, 763, 766–7
trans (1953–1999) 648; (1999–Today) 736, 749